Horizon Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
Horizon Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal is an international, peer-reviewed scholarly publication dedicated to advancing high-quality research across a broad spectrum of academic disciplines. The journal provides an integrative platform for the dissemination of original research articles, review papers, short communications, and scholarly discussions spanning the natural sciences, engineering, medical sciences, social sciences, and interdisciplinary fields. By fostering intellectual exchange among diverse research domains, the journal aims to promote innovative perspectives, methodological rigor, and cross-disciplinary collaboration. The editorial policy of Horizon Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal is grounded in principles of academic integrity, transparency, and scientific excellence. All submissions undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process conducted by experts in relevant fields to ensure originality, methodological soundness, and scholarly contribution. The journal is committed to maintaining international publication standards, ethical guidelines, and best practices in scholarly publishing. Through its global authorship and readership, the journal seeks to support the dissemination of impactful research that addresses contemporary scientific challenges and contributes to theoretical advancement as well as practical applications. By encouraging interdisciplinary dialogue, Horizon Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal aspires to become a reputable forum for researchers, academics, and professionals seeking to share knowledge and foster innovation on an international scale.
Trends in improving economic diversification within enterprises
The article briefly outlines the content and essence of economic diversification. It explains the reasons that necessitate the improvement of this process and provides an explanation of the factors conditioning the directions of this improvement. The main objectives of the activities chosen by countries as a direction for improving diversification are explained. These activities encompass the economic development strategy of various sectors, the formation of global positive trends capable of ensuring sustainable development, and all actions focused on ensuring efficient results. Furthermore, the article explains numerous forms of activity selected as improvement directions and describes the role of each in economic development. The reasons behind the sustainability of improving diversification are also thoroughly explained.
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Study of electrophysical properties of (ZnSe)1-x(Nd₂Se₃)x solid solution alloys
In this work, the electrical and electrophysical properties of the (ZnSe)₁₋ₓ(Nd₂Se₃)ₓ solid solution system belonging to II–VI group semiconductor materials were investigated. ZnSe-based semiconductors are widely used in modern optoelectronics and photonics due to their wide band gap, high optical transparency, and favorable electrical characteristics. Doping these materials with rare-earth elements makes it possible to purposefully control and improve their functional properties. Samples of the (ZnSe)₁₋ₓ(Nd₂Se₃)ₓ system with different compositions were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method using high-purity starting components sealed in evacuated quartz ampoules. The electrical conductivity of the samples was studied in the temperature range of 300–600 K, and the activation energies were calculated from the temperature dependences. It was found that the electrical conductivity increases with increasing Nd₂Se₃ content, whereas the activation energy decreases. This behavior can be explained by the formation of donor-type energy levels by neodymium ions in the crystal lattice, which leads to an increase in the concentration of free electrons. The obtained results showed that the system exhibits predominantly n-type conductivity, with electrons serving as the main charge carriers. It was established that at low temperatures the conductivity is governed by hopping mechanisms between defect levels, while at higher temperatures it is determined by band conduction mechanisms. The local lattice distortions and structural defects introduced by Nd ions were found to play a significant role in the formation of the electrical properties of the material. The results indicate that the (ZnSe)₁₋ₓ(Nd₂Se₃)ₓ system is a promising semiconductor material with controllable electrophysical parameters and potential applications in optoelectronic devices, infrared technology, photosensitive elements, and other functional electronic systems.
DIVERSIFICATION OF THE NAKHCHIVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ITS GEOECONOMIC SITUATION
In the article, to analyze the impact of diversification processes on the geoeconomic situation, the author revealed the content and essence of geoeconomic policy and provided an explanation of its main aspects and parameters. The approaches of scientists and researchers from different countries to the essence of geoeconomics were analyzed, and the trends and parameters that condition geoeconomic processes in the modern period were examined. The role and significance of geoeconomic policy in strengthening and expanding international economic relations were explained. During the period from 2017 to 2024, the role of diversification in ensuring the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was analyzed, and the directions of the impact of these processes on the geoeconomic situation were examined. The various explanations of business policy, business environment, and business activities in economic literature have been summarized, and their economic characteristics have been provided. The positive trends of the experiences formed in countries such as Norway, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates, which have successfully implemented diversification processes, have been analyzed, and their application possibilities in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic have been proposed. The economic significance of the most advanced elements of these experiences has been emphasized, and suggestions for their use have been provided. The article also comments on the necessity of the economic diversification process and the factors affecting it. One of these factors, the content and essence of business activity, was explained, as well as its impact on economic dynamics.
Comparative analysis of customs valuation methods in CIS countries
This article comparatively analyzes the methods of customs valuation within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) under selected legal frameworks. The study focuses on the unified customs law framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the national methodology of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Customs Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis demonstrates that all of these systems are based on the principles of the WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation and recognize six primary methods for determining customs value: the transaction value of imported goods, the transaction value of identical goods, the transaction value of similar goods, the deductive value method, the computed value method, and the fallback (residual) method. At the same time, differences among these countries are observed mainly in the legal institutionalization of these methods, documentation requirements, consultation mechanisms between customs authorities and declarants, the application of provisional or conditional customs values, as well as the degree of flexibility allowed in the use of the fallback method. While the EAEU model is characterized by supranational harmonization, the methodological and administrative mechanisms applied at the national level are more pronounced in Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. The article concludes that the principal differences within the CIS region lie not in the number of customs valuation methods, but rather in their implementation techniques and governance mechanisms.
Nakhchivan's place in Turkey-Azerbaijan relations
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic holds a unique strategic position in Türkiye–Azerbaijan relations as the only region providing a direct land border between the two brotherly countries. Recent geopolitical developments, regional integration initiatives, and the prospects of the Zangezur Corridor have further increased the significance of Nakhchivan in regional cooperation. This study aims to examine the strategic, political, economic, and cultural importance of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Türkiye–Azerbaijan relations and to determine its role in strengthening bilateral cooperation. The research is based on historical-comparative analysis, systematic evaluation, and the examination of relevant scholarly literature, official documents, and international agreements. The findings demonstrate that Nakhchivan serves as one of the principal strategic pillars of Türkiye–Azerbaijan relations. The region plays an important role in transportation, energy cooperation, security, and economic integration. Since the signing of the Treaty of Kars, Nakhchivan has contributed significantly to the development of political, economic, and cultural ties between the two states. Furthermore, the prospective opening of the Zangezur Corridor may strengthen Nakhchivan’s position as a key transit and integration hub connecting Türkiye, Azerbaijan, and the broader Turkic world. Therefore, Nakhchivan remains an important geopolitical space that supports regional cooperation, stability, and the deepening of integration processes among Turkic states.
The Ethnolinguistic Representation of Folk Spiritual Culture in the Native-Language Poetry of M. Shahriyar
This research explores the philosophical and socio-cultural essence of proverbs, maxims, and folk idioms utilized in M. Shahriyar’s “Heydarbabaya Salam” and his other mother-tongue poems. The study provides a detailed analysis of specific folk expressions, such as “Kor tutduğun buraxmaz”, which is interpreted as a symbol of persistent protest against social oppression, and “İynə bəzər xalqı, özü lüt gəzər”, evaluated as a profound artistic reflection of social inequality and the hardships of rural life. A significant portion of the article is dedicated to investigating elements of folk epics (dastans), traditional fairy tales, and the intricate art of mugham within the poet’s oeuvre. The inclusion of epic heroes like “Koroghlu,” “Asli and Kerem,” and “Dede Korkut,” alongside references to folk songs and various mugham modes, demonstrates that Shahriyar’s literary heritage serves as a comprehensive encyclopedia of the people’s spiritual and ethnographic culture. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that Shahriyar’s mother-tongue poetry plays an exceptional role in preserving national memory, protecting ethnic identity, and transmitting this cultural richness to future generations.
A Systematic Analysis of the Impact of Assessment and Monitoring Mechanisms on Educational Quality Indicators in the Educational Process
The effective integration of assessment and monitoring mechanisms is essential for ensuring quality in the education system. This study examines the concepts of assessment and monitoring within the Azerbaijani educational context, analyzing their functions and impact on quality indicators. Methodologically, the research is based on the analysis of normative documents, a conceptual review of existing studies, and a comparative analysis of functional models used in educational management. The findings indicate that educational quality is determined through the comparison of learning outcomes with predefined standards, and the objective assessment of students’ achievements serves as a reliable indicator of quality. Monitoring, through continuous data collection and analysis, enables the tracking of changes over time and facilitates the timely identification of developments affecting educational quality. While assessment reflects the current state of educational outcomes, monitoring focuses on identifying and evaluating changes, and together these mechanisms create a comprehensive system that supports the continuous improvement of the educational process. The study reveals that the use of formative, summative, and diagnostic assessment approaches at different stages provides a comprehensive picture of learning outcomes, while monitoring conducted at school, district, and national levels plays a critical role in determining quality indicators. The article emphasizes that the integrated application of assessment and monitoring is fundamental to enhancing the quality of education.
Humanist approach in teacher-student relationships
The humanist approach in teacher-student relations acts as one of the main principles and directions of personality-oriented training in the modern education system. This approach considers the student not as a passive subject receiving knowledge, but as an independent personality with individual characteristics, emotional needs, interests and potential. The main goal of humanistic pedagogy is not only to improve academic results, but also to ensure the development of the student's self-awareness, self-confidence, social skills and internal motivation. The theoretical foundations of the humanist approach are mainly based on the ideas of scientists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Rogers' principle of "unconditional positive acceptance" requires the teacher to be empathetic, understanding and supportive towards the student. According to Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs, the formation of a high level of cognitive and creative potential is impossible without satisfying the student's needs for security, belonging and respect. The humanistic approach to teacher-student relationships involves creating an environment of mutual respect, dialogue, cooperation, and psychological safety. In such relationships, the teacher acts as a facilitator and guide, not an authoritarian controller. Valuing the student's opinions, applying an individual approach, and positive feedback mechanisms increase learning motivation and have a positive impact on academic success.
The role of cultural awareness in translation
Translation plays a crucial role in overcoming language barriers and fostering cross-cultural communication. However, successful translation extends beyond mere linguistic skills it requires a deep understanding of the cultural context in which language is used. This article explores the importance of cultural understanding in translation, emphasizing the inseparable relationship between language and culture. It highlights how cultural nuances, such as idioms, regional dialects, and social taboos, can influence translation accuracy. The article also discusses the role of cultural competence, stressing that translators must not only grasp the cultural norms and values of the target audience but also adapt their translations accordingly to ensure cultural appropriateness. By recognizing the critical role of cultural context, translators can produce more effective, accurate, and culturally sensitive translations, which are essential in today's increasingly globalized world.
Teacher-Student Communication and Integration Problems in Higher Education
This article comprehensively examines the structural characteristics of teacher-student communication in modern higher education institutions, the emerging psychological, institutional, and socio-cultural barriers, as well as the problems of socio-pedagogical integration of students into the academic environment. Within the scope of the research, a comparative empirical analysis was conducted among students studying at undergraduate and graduate levels (N=30). The obtained socio-pedagogical results indicate that while adherence to institutional norms is high at the undergraduate level, communicative autonomy remains low, and the fear of judgment is still active. Conversely, at the graduate level, communication is shifting towards scientific partnership and cooperative relationships. In conclusion, the necessity of transitioning from traditional authoritarian-monological management to subject-subject relations and dialogic discourse in university classrooms is justified. The article proposes practical recommendations for higher education institutions regarding the establishment of an adaptive-supportive model at the undergraduate level, the humanization of constructive feedback mechanisms, and the expansion of interactive teaching methodologies.
Different worlds in the same classroom: Educational equality among children
This article discusses educational equality and the differences among students studying in the same classroom. Education is one of the fundamental rights and plays a key role in a person’s future development. However, not all children have equal opportunities. Factors such as financial situation, family environment, place of residence, access to technology, and teacher attitudes create significant differences among students. Some children can benefit from private tutoring, additional courses, and digital resources, while others lack these opportunities. The article also explains the differences between urban and rural schools, the impact of private tutoring, and how technology increases inequality in education. These factors directly affect students’ academic performance and psychological well-being. Educational equality means providing every child with the same quality of education regardless of their background. In conclusion, ensuring fairness in education requires the joint responsibility of the state, teachers, and society.
The artıstıc and aesthetıc possıbılıtıes of staıned glass ın paıntıng art
Stained glass, considered one of the important branches of painting art, has occupied a special place in world art for centuries due to its aesthetic and functional characteristics. This article examines the origin, stages of development, artistic transformations in different periods, and artistic-aesthetic possibilities of stained glass in painting art. The study analyzes the early examples of stained glass starting from ancient Eastern and Roman cultures, as well as its widespread use in medieval European architecture, especially in Gothic-style religious buildings, highlighting its aesthetic impact formed through the harmony of light and color. The research explains, from a scientific perspective, the influence of the main expressive elements of stained glass—color, light, form, and composition—on human psychology and the emotional atmosphere of space. It also examines the interaction of stained glass with architecture and decorative-applied arts, its role in interior design, and its significance in the artistic organization of space. The article also addresses the aesthetic features of stained glass and latticework (shabaka) art in Azerbaijani visual culture, demonstrating the synthesis of national ornamental traditions with modern artistic thinking. In addition, the study investigates the contributions of new technologies, experimental methods, and creative approaches used in contemporary stained glass art to the development of this field. Comparative-historical, descriptive, and art studies methods were applied during the research, and various scientific sources were referenced. The article scientifically substantiates that stained glass is not only a decorative medium but also an important form of artistic expression that influences human aesthetic perception, spatial awareness, and emotional thinking.
Psychologıcal mechanısms of formıng motıvatıon ın modern educatıon
The article comprehensively examines the essence of the concept of motivation in the modern educational system, its psychological and pedagogical foundations, and the main mechanisms of its formation in the teaching process. The significant role of learning motivation in increasing the cognitive activity of pupils and students, improving their academic achievements, and contributing to their personal development has been scientifically analyzed. The theoretical aspects of the concept of motivation are explained, while the characteristics of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors are comparatively interpreted. At the same time, psychological mechanisms influencing the formation of motivation, such as interest, emotional state, self-esteem, social environment, and teacher-student relationships, are analyzed. The research determined that the teacher’s personality, professional competencies, and pedagogical communication skills have a direct impact on the emergence of learning motivation. The article particularly emphasizes the role of interactive teaching methods, innovative pedagogical technologies, and digital educational tools in the formation of motivation. It is noted that methods such as project-based learning, debates, role-playing games, and group work increase students’ activity and interest in learning in modern educational conditions. In addition, it is shown that the integration of digital technologies into the educational process expands motivational opportunities; however, if not properly guided, it may also create certain psychological problems. The theoretical and practical aspects of the motivation problem are systematically generalized in the article on the basis of the interrelation between pedagogy and psychology. As a result of the analyses conducted, it has been concluded that the proper organization of learning motivation is of great importance for improving the quality of education, developing creative and active personalities, and training competent specialists who meet the demands of modern society.
The aesthetic function of intonation in the literary language of Nabi Khazri
The article examines the functional-semantic features of intonation in the poetry of Nabi Khazri. The study shows that in the poet’s works intonation functions not only as a phonetic and rhythmic device but also as an important structural element that generates poetic meaning. In his poems, intonation serves as a means of expressing emotional states, philosophical ideas, and artistic images in a deeper and more effective way. The research reveals that intonation in Nabi Khazri’s poetry has a multi-level function: it forms semantic meaning, strengthens emotional impact, organizes poetic rhythm, and contributes to the deepening of imagery. In particular, themes such as nature, separation, and homeland are presented through various intonational models, which enhance the aesthetic and emotional impact of the text. At the same time, the study demonstrates that rhythm, pause, and syntactic structure are closely interconnected with intonation and together form the overall acoustic system of the poetic text. Consequently, intonation in Nabi Khazri’s poetry functions not only as an expressive means but also as a structural organizer of poetic thought.
The effect of zeolite and organic fertilizers on the growth indicators of cotton plant
The article investigates the effect of zeolite and organic fertilizers on the growth indicators of cotton plants. During the research, vegetative growth, plant height, phenological characteristics, boll number, and yield components of cotton plants were comparatively analyzed. It was determined that the combined application of zeolite and organic fertilizers accelerated the growth processes of cotton plants and positively affected the formation of vegetative and generative organs. In the combined treatment variants, plant height increased, boll number rose, and phenological stages progressed more intensively. According to the research results, zeolite improved the retention of nutrients and moisture in the soil, thereby increasing cotton growth and productivity. It was established that the integrated application of zeolite and organic fertilizers is one of the promising agrotechnical methods for maintaining soil fertility and increasing cotton productivity.
Xarici dilin tədrisində İKT-dən istifadə imkanlari və müəllim səriştəliliyinin müasir təhsil tələbləri kontekstində inkişafi
Məqalədə xarici dilin tədrisində informasiya-kommunikasiya texnologiyalarından (İKT) istifadə imkanları və bu prosesin müəllim səriştəliliyinin inkişafına təsiri araşdırılmışdır. Müasir təhsil sistemində rəqəmsallaşma prosesinin sürətlənməsi xarici dil tədrisinin məzmununda və təşkili formalarında mühüm dəyişikliklər yaratmışdır. Tədqiqatda elektron təhsil platformaları, multimedia vasitələri, mobil tətbiqlər, onlayn kommunikasiya resursları və süni intellekt texnologiyalarının xarici dil öyrənilməsində rolu təhlil edilmişdir. Müəyyən edilmişdir ki, İKT-nin tətbiqi öyrənənlərin dil bacarıqlarının inkişafına, təlim prosesinin interaktivliyinin artırılmasına və tədris nəticələrinin yaxşılaşdırılmasına müsbət təsir göstərir. Eyni zamanda, bu texnologiyaların səmərəli istifadəsi müəllimlərin pedaqoji, metodik, kommunikativ və rəqəmsal səriştələrinin inkişafını zəruri edir. Məqalədə müasir təhsil tələbləri kontekstində müəllimin yeni peşəkar rolu, fasiləsiz peşəkar inkişafın əhəmiyyəti, həmçinin İKT-nin tətbiqi zamanı qarşıya çıxan problemlər və onların həlli yolları nəzərdən keçirilmişdir. Nəticə olaraq vurğulanmışdır ki, xarici dil tədrisində İKT-dən səmərəli istifadə müəllim səriştəliliyinin inkişafının mühüm şərtlərindən biri olmaqla təhsil prosesinin keyfiyyətinin yüksəldilməsinə əhəmiyyətli töhfə verir.
informasiya-kommunikasiya texnologiyaları
Differential Learning Strategies In Secondary Schools
This article investigates the implementation of differentiated instruction strategies in secondary schools. The study examined how teachers apply differentiated instruction according to students’ individual characteristics, interests, and learning styles, and how these strategies influence academic achievement. Findings indicate that level-appropriate tasks, flexible grouping, and creative projects enhance student engagement and improve learning outcomes.
The Role of Branding and Advertising in Organizing Socio-Cultural Projects
This article analyzes the role of branding and advertising in the organization of socio-cultural projects. Socio-cultural initiatives differ from commercial enterprises in that they are built around cultural value, public trust, and collective participation rather than profit-driven exchange. The study explores the specific communication needs of cultural projects and considers how branding contributes to the formation of project identity, audience relations, and long-term organizational stability. Attention is given to the difference between commercial persuasion and culturally grounded communication, the growing influence of digital media on how cultural initiatives present themselves, and the ethical questions that arise when branding is applied to contexts where sincerity and social responsibility matter most. Drawing on perspectives from brand theory, cultural marketing, and communication studies, the article argues that branding in socio-cultural projects should not be treated as surface-level promotion. Instead, it is better understood as a process through which organizations build their identity and communicate their purpose. The findings indicate that branding strategies aligned with the project's mission, cultural honesty, and active audience involvement can strengthen both the public presence and the lasting influence of socio-cultural initiatives.
Prospects For Tourism Development In Azerbaijan
The development prospects of the tourism sector in Azerbaijan are the main research topic of this article. The country's rich nature, ancient historical monuments, national traditions and favorable geographical location create important opportunities for the development of tourism. In recent years, projects implemented by the state, the construction of modern hotels and tourist complexes, and the renovation of road and transport infrastructure have created conditions for the further development of this sector. At the same time, the organization of international events has had a positive impact on the recognition of Azerbaijan as a tourist country and the increase in the number of tourists visiting the country. The article also considers the existing difficulties in the tourism sector and ways to overcome them. In general, the tourism sector occupies an important place in the economy of Azerbaijan and has wider development opportunities in the future. Proper use of existing opportunities and continued state support will create conditions for the further development of the tourism sector in the future, bringing great income to the country's economy and turning Azerbaijan into one of the international tourism centers.
The role of the normal distribution in the valuation of financial assets
The normal distribution is used to model random distributions of prices and returns in financial markets. It facilitates the analysis of price changes and logarithmic returns of stocks. The normal distribution is the basis of pricing models such as the Black-Scholes model and is essential for measuring risk and predicting returns. It helps investors determine market gains and losses, and improves risk management and market forecasts.
Inflation and Unemployment Relationship in Türkiye: An Analysis within the Framework of the Phillips Curve
Purpose: This study aims to examine the long-term relationship between annual inflation rates and unemployment rates in the Turkish economy over the 64-year period from 1960 to 2023 within the theoretical framework of the Phillips Curve. Method: A quantitative research method was adopted, utilizing annual data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK) and the World Bank. The normality assumption of the dataset was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test, while the existence of a linear relationship was examined through Pearson correlation analysis. In the simple linear regression model estimated by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, t-statistics and p-values were calculated, and the Gauss-Markov assumptions of the model (linearity, zero conditional mean, homoscedasticity, and absence of autocorrelation) were systematically tested. Additionally, separate analyses were conducted for three sub-periods: 1960-1979, 1980-2001, and 2002-2023. Findings: For the entire period, the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a statistically significant, moderately positive relationship between inflation and unemployment. Although the OLS regression model produced a significant slope coefficient, its explanatory power remained low. Sub-period analyses revealed that the direction and strength of the relationship varied considerably across different economic regimes. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the traditional Phillips Curve relationship does not hold in Turkey over the long-term 64-year period. Instead, a positive correlation pattern appears to dominate, driven by stagflation dynamics, chronic inflation inertia, and external shocks. These results highlight the need for developing macroeconomic models tailored to developing economies and
The use of data ın results-orıented management
Data-driven results-oriented management is one of the comprehensive approaches necessary for the effective functioning of modern management systems. This management model enables organizations to operate not only through intuitive decision-making but also on the basis of real facts, analytical findings, and measurable indicators. The implementation of data-driven management contributes significantly to the modernization of management culture, the scientific foundation of strategic planning, and the objective evaluation of performance. The systematic connection established between the collection, analysis, and use of data allows organizations to regulate both their internal processes and their relationships with the external environment more effectively. In results-oriented management, the role of data enables activities to be evaluated not only according to outcomes but also according to the quality of the processes leading to those outcomes. This provides the management system with important characteristics such as flexibility, transparency, and accountability. Transparency fosters greater trust in relationships with stakeholders, while accountability strengthens the sense of responsibility at every stage of activity. Data-based decision-making creates opportunities both for forecasting risks and for identifying problems at an early stage, allowing timely intervention. The accurate and purposeful use of data has a significant impact on the more efficient allocation of resources, the precise determination of priorities, and the achievement of strategic objectives. Through analytical analyses, performance indicators can be compared, forecasted, and monitored, which stimulates continuous improvement in the management process. Thus, data-driven management provides organizations not only with a powerful tool for evaluating past results but also for determining future directions of development. Overall, data-driven results-oriented management ensures that management processes are organized in accordance with modern requirements, increases efficiency, and strengthens long-term sustainability. This approach serves the formation of an innovative management culture in both the public and private sectors, improves service quality, and facilitates the achievement of strategic goals in a more accessible manner. Data-driven management is not merely a tool, but a fundamental management philosophy that determines the future success of organizations.
The Pedagogical Significance of Educational Ideas in the Orkhon-Yenisey Inscriptions
The Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions, regarded as the earliest examples of written culture among the Turkic peoples, carry profound pedagogical content alongside their well-recognized political and linguistic significance. In this article, the inscriptions are examined through the lens of modern educational science, and the instructive ideas embedded within them are systematically analyzed. The study reveals that the addresses, warnings, and historical examples found in the inscriptions of Bilge Khagan, Kultigin, and Tonyukuk closely align in essence with key concepts in contemporary pedagogy — including values education, the development of critical thinking, leadership training, and the cultivation of historical consciousness. The relationship that state leaders built with their people can further be characterized as an early form of non-formal public enlightenment. Taken together, these features demonstrate that the inscriptions are not merely historical monuments, but a pedagogical legacy passed down from generation to generation.
Yerevan’s Mirror of Satire: The "Lak-lak" Journal
This article extensively analyzes the reformist role of satirical press in society and its influence on the formation of national consciousness through the example of the “Lək-lək” journal. The main purpose of the publication was to awaken the people from stagnation and expose social shortcomings and outdated traditions through bitter humor. The article examines the journal’s literary language, targets of criticism, and enlightenment mission. The artistic style of the authors, their courageous criticisms, and the steps they took toward the self-awareness of the people constitute the central idea of the study. “Lək-lək” is evaluated not only as a press organ but also as a mirror reflecting the social landscape of its era. The article emphasizes the irreplaceable role of satire in the moral development of the people and the significance of the literary school created by the journal. This research sheds light on the difficult yet honorable path of the development of the national press.
Social Adaptation of Adolescents Joining Negative Subcultures and Preventive Measures
The involvement of adolescents in negative subcultures and the problems of social adaptation are among the important socio-psychological processes that seriously affect personality development, behavior, and integration into society. The main factors contributing to these problems include weak family relationships, insufficient parental supervision, social isolation in the school environment, bullying, academic failure, and the strong influence of peer groups. Since adolescents at this stage have a strong need for belonging and acceptance, they may sometimes be drawn to negative subcultures. Information technologies and social networks also influence this process by accelerating the spread of risky behavioral patterns. Preventive measures play an important role in addressing these problems. Strengthening emotional support within the family, creating a healthy psychological environment at school, developing social skills, and organizing psychological services facilitate adolescents’ adaptation process. At the same time, the effective organization of leisure time and involvement in sports and social activities contribute to their positive development. As a result, the joint efforts of the family, school, and society play a key role in protecting adolescents from the influence of negative subcultures and in shaping them into socially healthy individuals.
Support of entrepreneurial initiatives in socio-economic development
The support of entrepreneurial initiatives is one of the key driving forces of modern socio-economic development. In a globalizing world, the sustainability of economic growth is ensured not only by state investments but also by the activities of entrepreneurs who possess flexibility, innovativeness, and a capacity for risk-taking. Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in creating new jobs, expanding the competitive environment, diversifying production, and ultimately improving societal welfare. In this regard, the attitude of the state and society toward entrepreneurial initiatives, the conditions created for their development, and the support mechanisms applied are among the main factors determining the direction of socio-economic development. Support for entrepreneurial initiatives primarily contributes to increased economic activity. The implementation of new business ideas leads to the emergence of new products and services in the market, thereby expanding consumer choice. Increased competition results in improved quality and price optimization. This process serves the interests of both producers and consumers and ultimately enhances the efficiency of the economic system. Without entrepreneurial initiatives, dynamic economic development is not possible, as state structures are often unable to respond flexibly to rapid market changes. From a social perspective, supporting entrepreneurship plays a significant role in addressing employment issues. Small and medium-sized enterprises, in particular, have a strong capacity to absorb labor. The establishment of new enterprises contributes to reducing unemployment, increasing household incomes, and strengthening social stability. This process also positively affects balanced regional development. Promoting entrepreneurial initiatives in regions prevents migration, ensures efficient utilization of local resources, and contributes to reducing regional economic disparities. The state’s policy of supporting entrepreneurship plays a guiding role in this sphere. Tax incentives, subsidies, concessional loans, and investment promotion mechanisms are key tools stimulating entrepreneurial activity. These measures reduce the financial burden on entrepreneurs, minimize risks, and make the implementation of new projects more attractive. In particular, incubation centers and innovation parks established for startup development serve as important platforms for young entrepreneurs to realize their ideas. The legal and institutional environment created by the state is also of decisive importance for the development of entrepreneurship. Access to financial resources remains one of the main challenges in the development of entrepreneurship, making the strengthening of support mechanisms in this area particularly important. The availability of bank loans, lower interest rates, and the development of alternative financing instruments expand entrepreneurial opportunities. Microfinance institutions, venture capital funds, and crowdfunding platforms have become significant financial sources for small and medium-sized enterprises. These instruments help overcome initial capital shortages and enable business expansion.
Tax planning and the current state of tax rates
The article comprehensively analyzes the current state of tax planning and tax rates from an economic and legal perspective. The main objective of the study is to determine the impact of tax planning on the financial activities of economic entities, the role of tax rates in economic development, and the main features of modern tax systems. The study used theoretical analysis, comparative approach, SWOT analysis, and comparison of international experience. It was found that tax planning allows enterprises to use their financial resources more efficiently, optimize the tax burden, and expand investment opportunities. At the same time, the stability of tax legislation, optimal determination of tax rates, tax administration, and digitalization directly affect tax compliance. The article compares the tax systems of developed and developing countries, and analyzes the advantages of progressive and flat tax models. The development of the digital economy, the spread of e-commerce and cryptocurrencies have created new challenges in tax planning. As a result, it has been determined that effective tax policy and optimal tax burden play an important role in ensuring economic growth, investment climate and social welfare.
The role of pedagogical activity in adapting the curriculum to the labor market in vocational education
In modern society, traditional teaching methods are becoming increasingly outdated, which is reflected in a significant decrease in the quality of education in vocational education. Teachers are faced not only with acquiring certain competencies and skills to use the information environment, but also with understanding the importance and effectiveness of the universal informative process of education. This article systematically analyzes the role of pedagogical activity in adapting the curriculum to the labor market in vocational education. In modern times, against the background of the decrease in the effectiveness of traditional teaching methods, it is considered necessary to update the education system and adapt it to the requirements of the labor market. In this regard, the content of the curriculum should not be limited only to the transfer of theoretical knowledge, but should also be aimed at the formation of practical skills. The pedagogical activity of the teacher was assessed as a key factor in the study. The teacher, playing an organizing, guiding and evaluating role in the implementation of the curriculum, adapts the training process to the real requirements of the labor market. His professional competence, pedagogical skills and communication skills directly determine the quality of training. At the same time, the teacher's application of innovative approaches and use of modern technologies increases the relevance of the curriculum. In the article, pedagogical activity is characterized not only by the transfer of knowledge, but also by taking into account the individual characteristics of students, increasing their motivation and developing their social skills. This approach creates conditions for students to enter the labor market more prepared.
The Role of Training, Awareness, and Communication Mechanisms in the Formation of Safety Culture in the Industrial Sector
The formation of a safety culture in industrial and service enterprises is one of the main directions of occupational health and production safety. Safety culture is shaped not only through the implementation of technical measures, but also through employees’ behavior, management policies, organizational relations, and the principles of collective responsibility. This article extensively analyzes the essence of safety culture, the factors influencing its development, the improvement of employees’ professional training, and the role of internal communication systems within enterprises. It has been determined that continuous training programs, practical exercises, simulation methods, and awareness-raising activities significantly contribute to the development of safe behavioral habits among employees, the proper assessment of risks, and the improvement of rapid decision-making skills during emergency situations. Effective communication mechanisms, in turn, facilitate the timely identification of safety-related problems, strengthen mutual trust between management and employees, and create conditions for establishing a sustainable safety system within enterprises. At the same time, the organization of a high-level safety culture positively affects the increase of labor productivity, the reduction of production costs, and the strengthening of social stability in enterprises.
Characteristics of the Genres of the Lyric Type in Folklore
Lyric genre in folklore is one of the most important forms of artistic expression that reflects people’s inner feelings and emotions. According to literary theory, literature is generally divided into three main types: epic, dramatic, and lyric. The lyric type focuses on expressing a person’s inner world, emotions, and personal attitude toward life events. In lyric works, the emotional state of a person, such as joy, sadness, love, longing, hope, and other spiritual feelings, becomes more important than the description of external events. Although lyric works are usually short, they often contain deep meaning and strong emotional influence. The history of the lyric genre is very ancient. In early times, poems were performed with the accompaniment of musical instruments, and later this tradition developed both in folklore and written literature. In Azerbaijani oral folk literature, lyric genres were formed as collective works reflecting the lifestyle, traditions, and worldview of the people. These works were spread orally for many years and passed down from generation to generation. Lyric genres of folklore include songs, bayatis, laments, lullabies, praises, and affectionate verses. Each of these genres emerged in connection with certain life events and emotional situations. For example, bayatis are short poetic forms that express folk wisdom; laments reflect sorrow and grief related to loss; and lullabies express a mother’s love and care for her child. Songs often appear in connection with labor, ceremonies, and seasonal events. Overall, lyric folklore genres represent the spiritual world, aesthetic thinking, and cultural values of the Azerbaijani people. They preserve the historical memory of the nation and play an important role in the development of national culture.